The Night of the Long Knives - Jewish Virtual Library Consumed with rage, Hitler denounced "the worst treachery in world history". However, it did so under the guise of legality, and protecting the German people and their democracy. They would later reopen it to liquidate the d ghetto. The Gestapo arrested and later executed Papen's close associate Edgar Jung, the author of Papen's Marburg speech, and disposed of his body by dumping it in a ditch. [56] Germany's legal establishment further capitulated to the regime when the country's leading legal scholar, Carl Schmitt, wrote an article defending Hitler's 13 July speech. Several of Hitler's lieutenants feared Rhm's growing power and restlessness, as did Hitler. [38], Although Hitler presented no evidence of a plot by Rhm to overthrow the regime, he nevertheless denounced the leadership of the SA. Many of the prisoners were tortured and abused. One of the men Gring recruited to assist him was Willi Lehmann, a Gestapo official and NKVD spy. Thus from June 30 to July 2, 1934, which the chancellor later titled the Night of the Long Knives, Hitler purged any and all opposition in his way to a dictatorship. On 1 July, at Hitler's behest, Theodor Eicke, Commandant of the Dachau concentration camp, and his SS adjutant Michael Lippert visited Rhm. Others killed included Gregor Strasser, a former Nazi who had angered Hitler by resigning from the party in 1932, and Gustav Ritter von Kahr, the former Bavarian state commissioner who had helped crush the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. Wiskemann, Elizabeth, "The Night of the Long Knives", This page was last edited on 9 April 2023, at 02:08. Some estimates, however, put the total number killed at between 150 and 200. Grtner also declared in cabinet that the measure did not in fact create any new law, but simply confirmed the existing law. [20] Although Schleicher was in fact unimportant by 1934, increasingly wild rumours that he was scheming with Rhm to re-enter the corridors of power helped stoke the sense of crisis. Alleging that Rhm was plotting a putsch, Hitler ordered a massacre. The speed and scale of the reshuffle caused it to be associated by its critics with the 1934 Night of the Long Knives in Nazi Germany . They murdered Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss in his chancellery, but the putsch failed in its main purpose. After Hitler had promised to protect the interests of the Catholic Church, the party conceded and supported the bill. Following the purge, the Nazis sculpted the media coverage to portray the event as a preventative measure against a revolutionary, violent, and uncontrollable force, rather than a series of political murders. Night of the Long Knives - Cunning History Teacher The army almost unanimously applauded the Night of the Long Knives, even though the generals Kurt von Schleicher and Ferdinand von Bredow were among the victims. isabellaaellis. The Night of Long Knives, also known as the Rhm Putsch, was the purge of the SA leadership and other political opponents from 30 June 1934 to 2 July 1934. He then told Hitler that Hindenburg was close to declaring martial law and turning the government over to the Reichswehr if Hitler did not take immediate steps against Rhm and his brownshirts. [8], On 6 July 1933, at a gathering of high-ranking Nazi officials, Hitler declared the success of the National Socialist, or Nazi, seizure of power. Now that the NSDAP had seized the reins of power in Germany, he said, it was time to consolidate its control. [83], Before its execution, the purges instigators referred to the plans under the codename Hummingbird (German: Kolibri), the word used to command execution squads into action on 30 June. ultimate power over Germany, whilst maintaining an One key example of an event posed as moderate was the Night of Long Knives. Prisons soon became stretched for space. Each resource gives suggested teaching strategies and are differentiated . coalition July 13th 1962: The Night of the Long Knives - Politics.co.uk A copy of the original film, before Rhm was edited out, was found in the 1980s in the German Democratic Republic's film archives. As the leader of the SA, Rhm was seen as a threat to Hitlers power. This night of brutal murder and elimination of the Sturm Abteilung (SA) gave Hitler the support of the army, which he need for both the creation of a totalitarian state and his future foreign policy and also relieved the pressures on Hitler. The Party had generally been aligned with the Social Democrats and Catholic Church during the rise of Nazism, being critical of Nazi ideology, but voting nonetheless for the Enabling Act of 1933 which granted Hitler dictatorial authority. To ensure quality for our reviews, only customers who have purchased this resource can review it . The consolidation of power that had begun barely a month before with the purge of Rhm and the SA was complete. With Hindenburg gone, there was no longer a limit to Hitlers power. And let it be known for all time to come that if anyone raises his hand to strike the State, then certain death is his lot. Sixty years ago today, Harold Macmillan carried out a cabinet reshuffle which became known as the 'Night of the Long Knives'. During a trip to Warsaw in January 1935, Gring told Jan Szembek that Schleicher had urged Hitler in January 1933 to reach an understanding with France and the Soviet Union, and partition Poland with the latter, and Hitler had Schleicher killed out of disgust with the alleged advice. 464 Words. It is otherwise known as coordination or Nazification. Civil Service While Rhm's homosexuality did not endear him to conservatives, they were more concerned about his political ambitions. This decree gave the Nazis a legal basis for the The leaders of the SA were ordered to attend a meeting at a hotel in Bad Wiesse, Bavaria. It did not escape Klemperer's notice that many of the victims had played a role in bringing Hitler to power. and Night of the Long Knives - Wikipedia Prime Minister Harold Macmillan dismissed seven members of his Cabinet, one-third of the total. Although many Germans approached the official news of the events as described by Joseph Goebbels with a great deal of scepticism, many others took the regime at its word, and believed that Hitler had saved Germany from a descent into chaos. The Night of Long Knives, one of most noteworthy events during Hitler's rule, was a purge that occurred on the 30th June 1934. . [h], The action Hitler took would not only defang Rhm and the SA as a potential threat to Hitler's personal control of the Nazi Party, but would also serve to strengthen his relationship with the Wehrmacht the German armed forces which had long considered the SA to be their primary rival, the SA at times outnumbering the military in manpower.[10]. This act was reinforced by the German Civil Service code of 26 January 1937, which retired any judges or judicial official who would not intervene in cases and rule in favour of the Nazis. The SS found Breslau SA leader Edmund Heines in bed with an unidentified eighteen-year-old male SA senior troop leader. [g] Many stormtroopers believed in the socialist promise of National Socialism and expected the Nazi regime to take more radical economic action, such as breaking up the vast landed estates of the aristocracy. Hitler announced that he would occupy this new role. These acts removed peoples ability to oppose the Nazi Party, in any form. From the airport they drove to the Bavarian Interior Ministry, where they assembled the leaders of an SA rampage that had taken place in city streets the night before. 5. impact of nazi foreign policy mrmarr 4.9K views . intensified He took seriously the socialist promise of National Socialism and demanded that Hitler and the other party leaders initiate wide-ranging socialist reform in Germany. Home Explore. [He] died with words "Heil Hitler" on his lips. Night Of The Long Knives: What Happened & Why? | HistoryExtra The Nazi adoption of the phrase for an upcoming violent event was well known even to the foreign press, with the 2 August 1932 issue of The Times reporting that: Prominent Nazi leaders have played upon the imaginations of their followers..with such phrases as the night of the long knives and a vengeance for every Nazi killed.[79]. The Night of the Long Knives - History Learning Site Hitler ordered him, as one prominent historian described it, to put an end to "homosexuality, debauchery, drunkenness, and high living" in the SA. Let the nation know that its existence which depends on its internal order and security cannot be threatened with impunity by anyone! [31] On 27 June, Hitler moved to secure the army's cooperation. President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor on 30 January 1933. Nazi propaganda presented the murders as a preventive measure against an alleged imminent coup by the SA under Rhm the so-called Rhm Putsch. The Night of the Long Knives, in June 1934, saw the wiping out of the SA's leadership and others who had angered Hitler in the recent past in Nazi Germany. Night Of The Long Knives: Hitler's Purge Of The Nazi Party After Hitler and most of the army officers had left, however, Rhm declared that he would not take instructions from "the ridiculous corporal" a demeaning reference to Hitler. You were murdered June 30-July 2, 1934, the Night of the Long Knives. Hitler's Purge: The Night of the Long Knives Explained On 11 April 1945, the US army liberated Buchenwald camp. He dismissed seven ministers - one-third of the cabinet - and . We want to wait till Papa Hindenburg is dead, and then the SA will march against the army. Night of the Long Knives | History | tutor2u Zanu PF's Night of the Long Knives - Nehanda Radio On 13 July 1934 the Reichstag Leading members of the leftist-leaning Strasserist faction of the Nazi Party, including its leader Gregor Strasser, were also killed, as were establishment conservatives and anti-Nazis, such as former Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher and Bavarian politician Gustav Ritter von Kahr, who had helped suppress Hitler's Munich Beer Hall Putsch in 1923. The long term impact brought forth by the consequences or legacy of the Nazi party included a population decrease and an increase in deaths. "[67] The extent of the massacre and the relative ubiquity of the Gestapo, however, meant that those who disapproved of the purge generally kept quiet about it. Night of the Long Knives (1962) - Wikipedia As chancellor, Hitler did not command the army, which remained under the formal leadership of Hindenburg, a highly respected veteran field marshal. The Night of the Long Knives: the bloody purge that secured Hitler's power. [29] On 29 June, a signed article in Vlkischer Beobachter by Blomberg appeared in which Blomberg stated with great fervour that the Reichswehr stood behind Hitler. The SA and the SS had also been on a month long campaign of violence to scare or imprison other opponents to the party. Rhm wanted to have his troops incorporated into the new Wehrmacht that was being prepared to take the place of the Reichswehr, despite the fact that the conservative-minded generals were resolutely opposed to any such contamination of the army by the SA. From 20 August onwards, the The Bill passed by 444 votes for to 94 against on the 24 March 1933. In response to conservative pressure to constrain Rhm, Hitler left for Neudeck to meet with Hindenburg. Gleichschaltung was the process of the Nazi Party taking control over all aspects of Germany. In conclusion, this lesson plan on Night of the Long Knives Rohm Source Investigation, provides an in-depth examination of one of the most controversial events in modern history. The news of it was received with consternation and disgust in the other European capitals, but the shock was greatest in Rome. There were 4 main reasons why the Night of the Long Knives occurred: Ernst Rhm had become too powerful with 3 million SA loyal to him. While many officers were impressed by Hitler's promises of an expanded army, a return to conscription, and a more aggressive foreign policy, the army continued to guard its traditions of independence during the early years of the Nazi regime. He asked, "What would people have said if I had done such a thing?
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